RHCSA EX200 - Managing Files LAB creating a tar from /usr/share/doc directory [csr@rhel-lab1 ~]$ du -sh /usr/share/doc 63M /usr/share/doc [csr@rhel-lab1 ~]$ tar -cf documentation.tar /usr/share/doc tar: Removing leading `/' from member names [csr@rhel-lab1 ~]$ ls 2 archives documentation.tar Desktop Documents Downloads Music output Pictures Public Templates Videos [csr@rhel-lab1 ~]$ ls -l total 59748 -rw-r--r--. 1 csr csr 1328 Apr 11 18:55 2 drwxr-xr-x. 2 csr csr 26 Apr 9 18:32 archives -rw-r--r--. 1 csr csr 61173760 Apr 15 18:33 documentation.tar drwxr-xr-x. 2 csr csr 6 Apr 10 12:03 Desktop drwxr-xr-x. 2 csr csr 72 Apr 11 18:04 Documents drwxr-xr-x. 2 csr csr 6 Apr 10 12:03 Downloads drwxr-xr-x. 2 csr csr 6 Apr 10 12:03 Music -rw-r--r--. 1 csr csr 6 Apr 11 17:56 output drwxr-xr-x. 2 csr csr 6 Apr 10 12:03 Pictures drwxr-xr-x. 2 csr csr 6 Apr 10 12:03 Public drwxr-xr-x. 2 csr csr 6 Apr 10 12:03 Templates drwxr-xr-x. 2 csr csr 6 Apr 10 12:03 Videos [csr@rhel-lab1 ~]$ du -sh *.tar 59M ddocumentation.tar listing content of a tar file - tar-tvf filename (t list the content,  -v verbose, -f use file archive) [csr@rhel-lab1 ~]$ tar -tvf documentation.tar | more drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2024-04-09 17:31 usr/share/doc/ drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2024-04-08 14:55 usr/share/doc/hwdata/ -rw-r--r-- root/root 175 2023-08-21 01:22 usr/share/doc/hwdata/LICENSE drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2024-04-08 14:55 usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/ -rw-r--r-- root/root 510 2021-06-08 15:20 usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/AUTHORS -rw-r--r-- root/root 9244 2021-06-08 15:20 usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/COPYING -rw-r--r-- root/root 861 2021-06-08 15:20 usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/HOWTO.testing -rw-r--r-- root/root 2303 2021-06-08 15:20 usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/HOWTO.transition -rw-r--r-- root/root 5108 2021-06-08 15:20 usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/NEWS -rw-r--r-- root/root 1627 2021-06-08 15:20 usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/README -rw-r--r-- root/root 7515 2021-06-08 15:20 usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/README.config -rw-r--r-- root/root 23948 2021-06-08 15:20 usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/README.enhancing -rw-r--r-- root/root 1882 2021-06-08 15:20 usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/README.symbols create the same but compressed using gz [csr@rhel-lab1 ~]$ tar -czvf documentation.tar.gz /usr/share/doc | more tar: Removing leading `/' from member names /usr/share/doc/ /usr/share/doc/hwdata/ /usr/share/doc/hwdata/LICENSE /usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/ /usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/AUTHORS /usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/COPYING /usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/HOWTO.testing /usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/HOWTO.transition /usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/NEWS /usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/README /usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/README.config /usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/README.enhancing /usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/README.symbols /usr/share/doc/tzdata/ /usr/share/doc/tzdata/README /usr/share/doc/tzdata/theory.html /usr/share/doc/tzdata/tz-art.html /usr/share/doc/tzdata/tz-link.html [csr@rhel-lab1 ~]$ du -sh docu*.* 59M documentation.tar 19M documentation.tar.gz using J for compression [csr@rhel-lab1 ~]$ tar -cjvf documentation.tar.bz2 /usr/share/doc | more tar: Removing leading `/' from member names /usr/share/doc/ /usr/share/doc/hwdata/ /usr/share/doc/hwdata/LICENSE /usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/ /usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/AUTHORS /usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/COPYING /usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/HOWTO.testing /usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/HOWTO.transition /usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/NEWS /usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/README /usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/README.config /usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/README.enhancing /usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/README.symbols /usr/share/doc/tzdata/ [csr@rhel-lab1 ~]$ du -sh docu*.* 59M documentation.tar 16M documentation.tar.bz2 19M documentation.tar.gz Listing the gz file content [csr@rhel-lab1 ~]$ tar -ttzvf documentation.tar.gz | more drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2024-04-09 17:31 usr/share/doc/ drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2024-04-08 14:55 usr/share/doc/hwdata/ -rw-r--r-- root/root 175 2023-08-21 01:22 usr/share/doc/hwdata/LICENSE drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2024-04-08 14:55 usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/ -rw-r--r-- root/root 510 2021-06-08 15:20 usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/AUTHORS -rw-r--r-- root/root 9244 2021-06-08 15:20 usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/COPYING -rw-r--r-- root/root 861 2021-06-08 15:20 usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/HOWTO.testing -rw-r--r-- root/root 2303 2021-06-08 15:20 usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/HOWTO.transition -rw-r--r-- root/root 5108 2021-06-08 15:20 usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/NEWS -rw-r--r-- root/root 1627 2021-06-08 15:20 usr/share/doc/xkeyboard-config/READ untar file and view the content using tree [csr@rhel-lab1 ~]$ mkdir doctests [csr@rhel-lab1 ~]$ mv documentation.tar* /doctests/ mv: target '/doctests/' is not a directory [csr@rhel-lab1 ~]$ mv documentation.tar* ~/doctests/ [csr@rhel-lab1 ~]$ cd doctests/ [csr@rhel-lab1 doctests]$ ls documentation.tar documentation.tar.bz2 documentation.tar.gz [csr@rhel-lab1 doctests]$ tar -xzvf documentation.tar.gz [csr@rhel-lab1 doctests]$ ls -la total 93816 drwxr-xr-x. 3 csr csr 99 Apr 15 18:51 . drwx------. 17 csr csr 4096 Apr 15 18:49 .. -rw-r--r--. 1 csr csr 61173760 Apr 15 18:33 documentation.tar -rw-r--r--. 1 csr csr 15930018 Apr 15 18:44 documentation.tar.bz2 -rw-r--r--. 1 csr csr 18954095 Apr 15 18:42 documentation.tar.gz drwxr-xr-x. 3 csr csr 19 Apr 15 18:51 usr [csr@rhel-lab1 doctests]$ tree usr | more usr └── share └── doc ├── abattis-cantarell-fonts │ ├── NEWS │ └── README.md ├── accountsservice │ ├── AUTHORS │ └── README.md ├── adcli │ ├── AUTHORS │ ├── ChangeLog │ ├── COPYING │ ├── NEWS │ └── README ├── adobe-mappings-cmap │ ├── README.md │ └── VERSIONS.txt ├── adobe-mappings-pdf │ └── README.md ├── adobe-source-code-pro-fonts │ └── README.md ├── alsa-lib │ ├── asoundrc.txt   extract a single file from the tar document [csr@rhel-lab1 doctests]$ tar -xzvf documentation.tar.gz usr/share/doc/gdisk/gdisk_test.sh usr/share/doc/gdisk/gdisk_test.sh [csr@rhel-lab1 doctests]$ [csr@rhel-lab1 doctests]$ tree usr usr └── share └── doc └── gdisk └── gdisk_test.sh   using gunzip cloud_user@server1: ~ $ ls audit build init_pass mariadb_repo_setup Public Templates wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64.rpm cloud_user@server1: ~ $ gzip wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64.rpm cloud_user@server1: ~ $ ll total 740 drwxrwxr-x. 2 cloud_user cloud_user 74 Sep 8 2020 audit drwxrwxr-x. 2 cloud_user cloud_user 55 Sep 8 2020 build -rw-r--r--. 1 cloud_user cloud_user 1 Apr 30 2021 init_pass -rwxrwxr-x. 1 cloud_user cloud_user 19519 Sep 9 2020 mariadb_repo_setup drwxr-xr-x. 2 cloud_user cloud_user 6 May 8 2019 Public drwxr-xr-x. 2 cloud_user cloud_user 6 May 8 2019 Templates -rw-r--r--. 1 cloud_user cloud_user 729756 Sep 9 2020 wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64.rpm.gz unzip it cloud_user@server1: ~ $ gunzip wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64.rpm.gz cloud_user@server1: ~ $ ll total 760 drwxrwxr-x. 2 cloud_user cloud_user 74 Sep 8 2020 audit drwxrwxr-x. 2 cloud_user cloud_user 55 Sep 8 2020 build -rw-r--r--. 1 cloud_user cloud_user 1 Apr 30 2021 init_pass -rwxrwxr-x. 1 cloud_user cloud_user 19519 Sep 9 2020 mariadb_repo_setup drwxr-xr-x. 2 cloud_user cloud_user 6 May 8 2019 Public drwxr-xr-x. 2 cloud_user cloud_user 6 May 8 2019 Templates -rw-r--r--. 1 cloud_user cloud_user 752504 Sep 9 2020 wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64.rpm cloud_user@server1: ~ $ same apply to bzip cloud_user@server1: ~ $ bzip2 wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64.rpm cloud_user@server1: ~ $ ll total 744 drwxrwxr-x. 2 cloud_user cloud_user 74 Sep 8 2020 audit drwxrwxr-x. 2 cloud_user cloud_user 55 Sep 8 2020 build -rw-r--r--. 1 cloud_user cloud_user 1 Apr 30 2021 init_pass -rwxrwxr-x. 1 cloud_user cloud_user 19519 Sep 9 2020 mariadb_repo_setup drwxr-xr-x. 2 cloud_user cloud_user 6 May 8 2019 Public drwxr-xr-x. 2 cloud_user cloud_user 6 May 8 2019 Templates -rw-r--r--. 1 cloud_user cloud_user 736128 Sep 9 2020 wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64.rpm.bz2 cloud_user@server1: ~ $ bunzip2 wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64.rpm.bz2 cloud_user@server1: ~ $ ll total 760 drwxrwxr-x. 2 cloud_user cloud_user 74 Sep 8 2020 audit drwxrwxr-x. 2 cloud_user cloud_user 55 Sep 8 2020 build -rw-r--r--. 1 cloud_user cloud_user 1 Apr 30 2021 init_pass -rwxrwxr-x. 1 cloud_user cloud_user 19519 Sep 9 2020 mariadb_repo_setup drwxr-xr-x. 2 cloud_user cloud_user 6 May 8 2019 Public drwxr-xr-x. 2 cloud_user cloud_user 6 May 8 2019 Templates -rw-r--r--. 1 cloud_user cloud_user 752504 Sep 9 2020 wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64.rpm cloud_user@server1: ~ $   Task 2 Using brackets and how to create multiple files cloud_user@server1: ~ $ mkdir -p ~/code/ursula/{cloudform,xml} ~/code/mortimer/json cloud_user@server1: ~ $ tree code code ├── mortimer │ └── json └── ursula ├── cloudform └── xml 5 directories, 0 files cloud_user@server1: ~ $ cloud_user@server1: ~ $ touch ~/code/ursula/{file1,file2,file3}.json ~/code/ursula/file{1,2,3}.xml cloud_user@server1: ~ $ tree code code ├── mortimer │ └── json └── ursula ├── cloudform ├── file1.json ├── file1.xml ├── file2.json ├── file2.xml ├── file3.json ├── file3.xml └── xml 5 directories, 6 files cloud_user@server1: ~ $ touch ~/code/mortimer/{file1,file2,file3}.cf cloud_user@server1: ~ $ tree . ├── audit │ ├── devsys05-account-audit.log │ └── devsys08-account-audit.log ├── build │ ├── devsys12-account-audit.log │ └── dnf.log ├── code │ ├── mortimer │ │ ├── file1.cf │ │ ├── file2.cf │ │ ├── file3.cf │ │ └── json │ └── ursula │ ├── cloudform │ ├── file1.json │ ├── file1.xml │ ├── file2.json │ ├── file2.xml │ ├── file3.json │ ├── file3.xml │ └── xml ├── init_pass ├── mariadb_repo_setup ├── Public ├── Templates └── wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64.rpm moving files around cloud_user@server1: ~ $ mv ~/code/ursula/*.xml ~/code/ursula/xml/ cloud_user@server1: ~ $ tree . ├── audit │ ├── devsys05-account-audit.log │ └── devsys08-account-audit.log ├── build │ ├── devsys12-account-audit.log │ └── dnf.log ├── code │ ├── mortimer │ │ ├── file1.cf │ │ ├── file2.cf │ │ ├── file3.cf │ │ └── json │ └── ursula │ ├── cloudform │ ├── file1.json │ ├── file2.json │ ├── file3.json │ └── xml │ ├── file1.xml │ ├── file2.xml │ └── file3.xml ├── init_pass ├── mariadb_repo_setup ├── Public ├── Templates └── wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64.rpm 10 directories, 16 files cloud_user@server1: ~ $ cloud_user@server1: ~ $ mv ~/code/ursula/*.json ~/code/mortimer/json/ cloud_user@server1: ~ $ tree code code ├── mortimer │ ├── file1.cf │ ├── file2.cf │ ├── file3.cf │ └── json │ ├── file1.json │ ├── file2.json │ └── file3.json └── ursula ├── cloudform └── xml ├── file1.xml ├── file2.xml └── file3.xml 5 directories, 9 files cloud_user@server1: ~ $ cloud_user@server1: mortimer $ mv *.cf ../ursula/cloudform/ cloud_user@server1: mortimer $ cd cloud_user@server1: ~ $ tree code code ├── mortimer │ └── json │ ├── file1.json │ ├── file2.json │ └── file3.json └── ursula ├── cloudform │ ├── file1.cf │ ├── file2.cf │ └── file3.cf └── xml ├── file1.xml ├── file2.xml └── file3.xml 5 directories, 9 files cloud_user@server1: ~ $ cloud_user@server1: ~ $ cp ~/code/ursula/cloudform/ ~/code/mortimer/ -r cloud_user@server1: ~ $ tree code code ├── mortimer │ ├── cloudform │ │ ├── file1.cf │ │ ├── file2.cf │ │ └── file3.cf │ └── json │ ├── file1.json │ ├── file2.json │ └── file3.json └── ursula ├── cloudform │ ├── file1.cf │ ├── file2.cf │ └── file3.cf └── xml ├── file1.xml ├── file2.xml └── file3.xml 6 directories, 12 files cloud_user@server1: ~ $ rm -rf ~/code/ursula/cloudform/ cloud_user@server1: ~ $ tree code code ├── mortimer │ ├── cloudform │ │ ├── file1.cf │ │ ├── file2.cf │ │ └── file3.cf │ └── json │ ├── file1.json │ ├── file2.json │ └── file3.json └── ursula └── xml ├── file1.xml ├── file2.xml └── file3.xml 5 directories, 9 files cloud_user@server1: ~ $   task 3 creating softlinks and hardlinks l cloud_user@server1: links $ ll total 0 cloud_user@server1: links $ touch original cloud_user@server1: links $ ll -i #Use -i to show the inode nuber total 0 12583416 -rw-rw-r--. 1 cloud_user cloud_user 0 Apr 16 01:20 original cloud_user@server1: links $ creating a softlink cloud_user@server1: links $ ln -s original softlink cloud_user@server1: links $ ll -i total 0 12583416 -rw-rw-r--. 1 cloud_user cloud_user 0 Apr 16 01:20 original 12583419 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 cloud_user cloud_user 8 Apr 16 01:22 softlink -> original creating a softlink to a folder, we can notice they have different inode numbers cloud_user@server1: links $ mkdir directory cloud_user@server1: links $ ln -s directory/ otherdirectory cloud_user@server1: links $ ls -li total 0 33560168 drwxrwxr-x. 2 cloud_user cloud_user 6 Apr 16 01:22 directory 12583416 -rw-rw-r--. 1 cloud_user cloud_user 0 Apr 16 01:20 original 12583420 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 cloud_user cloud_user 10 Apr 16 01:22 otherdirectory -> directory/ 12583419 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 cloud_user cloud_user 8 Apr 16 01:22 softlink -> original creating a hardlink we can notice the inode is the same cloud_user@server1: links $ ln original hardlink cloud_user@server1: links $ ls -li total 0 33560168 drwxrwxr-x. 2 cloud_user cloud_user 6 Apr 16 01:22 directory 12583416 -rw-rw-r--. 2 cloud_user cloud_user 0 Apr 16 01:20 hardlink 12583416 -rw-rw-r--. 2 cloud_user cloud_user 0 Apr 16 01:20 original 12583420 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 cloud_user cloud_user 10 Apr 16 01:22 otherdirectory -> directory/ 12583419 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 cloud_user cloud_user 8 Apr 16 01:22 softlink -> original creating a softlink to fstab cloud_user@server1: links $ ln -s /etc/fstab softtab cloud_user@server1: links $ ll -i total 0 33560168 drwxrwxr-x. 2 cloud_user cloud_user 6 Apr 16 01:22 directory 12583416 -rw-rw-r--. 2 cloud_user cloud_user 0 Apr 16 01:20 hardlink 12583416 -rw-rw-r--. 2 cloud_user cloud_user 0 Apr 16 01:20 original 12583420 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 cloud_user cloud_user 10 Apr 16 01:22 otherdirectory -> directory/ 12583419 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 cloud_user cloud_user 8 Apr 16 01:22 softlink -> original 12583421 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 cloud_user cloud_user 10 Apr 16 01:25 softtab -> /etc/fstab now a hardlink to fstab cloud_user@server1: links $ ln /etc/fstab hardtab ln: failed to create hard link 'hardtab' => '/etc/fstab': Operation not permitted cloud_user@server1: links $ sudo ln /etc/fstab hardtab [sudo] password for cloud_user: cloud_user@server1: links $ ll -i total 4 33560168 drwxrwxr-x. 2 cloud_user cloud_user 6 Apr 16 01:22 directory 12583416 -rw-rw-r--. 2 cloud_user cloud_user 0 Apr 16 01:20 hardlink 71951 -rw-r--r--. 2 root root 475 May 8 2019 hardtab 12583416 -rw-rw-r--. 2 cloud_user cloud_user 0 Apr 16 01:20 original 12583420 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 cloud_user cloud_user 10 Apr 16 01:22 otherdirectory -> directory/ 12583419 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 cloud_user cloud_user 8 Apr 16 01:22 softlink -> original 12583421 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 cloud_user cloud_user 10 Apr 16 01:25 softtab -> /etc/fstab finding where  a hardlink belongs using the inode to search cloud_user@server1: links $ find / -inum 71951 2> /dev/null /proc/2428/oom_adj /etc/fstab /home/cloud_user/links/hardtab Now we are going to find by inode number and also execute an ls -li cloud_user@server1: links $ find / -inum 71951 -exec ls -li {} \; 2> /dev/null 71951 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Apr 16 01:27 /proc/2428/oom_adj 71951 -rw-r--r--. 2 root root 475 May 8 2019 /etc/fstab 71951 -rw-r--r--. 2 root root 475 May 8 2019 /home/cloud_user/links/hardtab cloud_user@server1: links $ cloud_user@server1: links $ find ./ -inum 12583416 ./original ./hardlink cloud_user@server1: links $   Task 4 share directory for tree users creating a working folder loud_user@server1: ~ $ sudo -i [sudo] password for cloud_user: root@server1: ~ # mkdir /project-phoenix root@server1: ~ # ls anaconda-ks.cfg aws-cfn-bootstrap-1.4 original-ks.cfg root@server1: ~ # pwd /root root@server1: ~ # cd .. root@server1: / # ls bin boot data dev etc home lib lib64 media mnt opt proc project-phoenix root run sbin srv swapfile sys tmp usr var root@server1: / # cd /home/ root@server1: home # ls -ld /project-phoenix/ drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Apr 16 02:11 /project-phoenix/ creating users root@server1: home # root@server1: home # useradd -m -g users -G devops snuffy ; passwd snuffy Changing password for user snuffy. New password: Retype new password: passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully. root@server1: home # useradd -m -g devops -G users ursula ; passwd ursula Changing password for user ursula. New password: Retype new password: Sorry, passwords do not match. passwd: Authentication token manipulation error root@server1: home # passwd ursula Changing password for user ursula. New password: Retype new password: Sorry, passwords do not match. ^[[Apasswd: Authentication token manipulation error root@server1: home # passwd ursula Changing password for user ursula. New password: Retype new password: passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully. root@server1: home # useradd -m -g sysadmins -G users mortimer ; passwd mortimer Changing password for user mortimer. New password: Retype new password: passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully. root@server1: home # cat /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin nobody:x:65534:65534:Kernel Overflow User:/:/sbin/nologin dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin systemd-coredump:x:999:997:systemd Core Dumper:/:/sbin/nologin systemd-resolve:x:193:193:systemd Resolver:/:/sbin/nologin tss:x:59:59:Account used by the trousers package to sandbox the tcsd daemon:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin polkitd:x:998:996:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin unbound:x:997:995:Unbound DNS resolver:/etc/unbound:/sbin/nologin sssd:x:996:993:User for sssd:/:/sbin/nologin insights:x:995:992:Red Hat Insights:/var/lib/insights:/sbin/nologin sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin chrony:x:994:991::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin cloud_user:x:1001:1001::/home/cloud_user:/bin/bash ssm-user:x:1002:1002::/home/ssm-user:/bin/bash qemu:x:107:107:qemu user:/:/sbin/nologin rtkit:x:172:172:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin pulse:x:171:171:PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin usbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin gluster:x:993:986:GlusterFS daemons:/run/gluster:/sbin/nologin saslauth:x:992:76:Saslauthd user:/run/saslauthd:/sbin/nologin geoclue:x:991:985:User for geoclue:/var/lib/geoclue:/sbin/nologin rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/lib/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin dnsmasq:x:984:984:Dnsmasq DHCP and DNS server:/var/lib/dnsmasq:/sbin/nologin pipewire:x:983:982:PipeWire System Daemon:/var/run/pipewire:/sbin/nologin colord:x:982:981:User for colord:/var/lib/colord:/sbin/nologin gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin radvd:x:75:75:radvd user:/:/sbin/nologin gnome-initial-setup:x:981:980::/run/gnome-initial-setup/:/sbin/nologin avahi:x:70:70:Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/sbin/nologin setroubleshoot:x:980:979::/var/lib/setroubleshoot:/sbin/nologin flatpak:x:979:978:User for flatpak system helper:/:/sbin/nologin devops:x:1003:1003:DevOps Admin Service Account:/home/devops:/bin/bash mysql:x:977:976:MySQL server:/var/lib/mysql:/sbin/nologin snuffy:x:1004:100::/home/snuffy:/bin/bash ursula:x:1005:1003::/home/ursula:/bin/bash mortimer:x:1006:49999::/home/mortimer:/bin/bash Set folder permissions set the grouup to users and change permissions to folder root@server1: home # root@server1: home # ls -ld /project-phoenix/ drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Apr 16 02:11 /project-phoenix/ root@server1: home # chown .users /project-phoenix/ root@server1: home # ls -ld /project-phoenix/ drwxr-xr-x. 2 root users 6 Apr 16 02:11 /project-phoenix/ root@server1: home # chmod g+w /project-phoenix/ root@server1: home # ls -ld /project-phoenix/ drwxrwxr-x. 2 root users 6 Apr 16 02:11 /project-phoenix/ root@server1: home # test permissions root@server1: home # su snuffy snuffy@server1: home $ touch /project-phoenix/snuffy.file1 snuffy@server1: home $ exit exit root@server1: home # sudo - ursula sudo: -: command not found root@server1: home # su - ursula [ursula@server1 ~]$ touch /project-phoenix/ursula.file1 [ursula@server1 ~]$ exit logout root@server1: home # su - mortimer [mortimer@server1 ~]$ touch /project-phoenix/mortimer.file1 [mortimer@server1 ~]$ logout root@server1: home # ls -l /project-phoenix/ total 0 -rw-r--r--. 1 mortimer sysadmins 0 Apr 16 02:18 mortimer.file1 -rw-r--r--. 1 snuffy users 0 Apr 16 02:18 snuffy.file1 -rw-r--r--. 1 ursula devops 0 Apr 16 02:18 ursula.file1 root@server1: home # Change so all users has the same ownership root@server1: home # ls -ld /project-phoenix/ ; ls -l /project-phoenix/ drwxrwxr-x. 2 root users 68 Apr 16 02:18 /project-phoenix/ total 0 -rw-r--r--. 1 mortimer sysadmins 0 Apr 16 02:18 mortimer.file1 -rw-r--r--. 1 snuffy users 0 Apr 16 02:18 snuffy.file1 -rw-r--r--. 1 ursula devops 0 Apr 16 02:18 ursula.file1 root@server1: home # chmod g+s /project-phoenix/ root@server1: home # ls -ld /project-phoenix/ drwxrwsr-x. 2 root users 68 Apr 16 02:18 /project-phoenix/ root@server1: home # su - snuffy Last login: Tue Apr 16 02:17:55 UTC 2024 on pts/0 [snuffy@server1 ~]$ touch /project-phoenix/snuffy.file2 [snuffy@server1 ~]$ exxit bash: exxit: command not found... e^C [snuffy@server1 ~]$ exit logout root@server1: home # su - ursula Last login: Tue Apr 16 02:18:22 UTC 2024 on pts/0 [ursula@server1 ~]$ touch /project-phoenix/ursula.file2 [ursula@server1 ~]$ exit logout root@server1: home # su - mortimer Last login: Tue Apr 16 02:18:36 UTC 2024 on pts/0 [mortimer@server1 ~]$ touch /project-phoenix/mortimer.file2 [mortimer@server1 ~]$ exit logout root@server1: home # ls -ld /project-phoenix/ drwxrwsr-x. 2 root users 130 Apr 16 02:20 /project-phoenix/ root@server1: home # ls -l /project-phoenix/ total 0 -rw-r--r--. 1 mortimer sysadmins 0 Apr 16 02:18 mortimer.file1 -rw-r--r--. 1 mortimer users 0 Apr 16 02:20 mortimer.file2 -rw-r--r--. 1 snuffy users 0 Apr 16 02:18 snuffy.file1 -rw-r--r--. 1 snuffy users 0 Apr 16 02:20 snuffy.file2 -rw-r--r--. 1 ursula devops 0 Apr 16 02:18 ursula.file1 -rw-r--r--. 1 ursula users 0 Apr 16 02:20 ursula.file2 make another change to make sure users cannot delete files from other users root@server1: home # chmod +t /project-phoenix/ root@server1: home # ls -ld /project-phoenix/ drwxrwsr-t. 2 root users 130 Apr 16 02:20 /project-phoenix/ # Notice there is a t at the end of the permissions root@server1: home # root@server1: home # chown .users /project-phoenix/*.* # change all file groups to users root@server1: home # ls -l /project-phoenix/ total 0 -rw-r--r--. 1 mortimer users 0 Apr 16 02:18 mortimer.file1 -rw-r--r--. 1 mortimer users 0 Apr 16 02:20 mortimer.file2 -rw-r--r--. 1 snuffy users 0 Apr 16 02:18 snuffy.file1 -rw-r--r--. 1 snuffy users 0 Apr 16 02:20 snuffy.file2 -rw-r--r--. 1 ursula users 0 Apr 16 02:18 ursula.file1 -rw-r--r--. 1 ursula users 0 Apr 16 02:20 ursula.file2